At the end of an event, if a boat has broken rule 78.2 by not producing a required certificate or arranging for its existence to be verified, the race committee is required, without a hearing, to score her ‘DSQ’ for all races of the event.

Interpretation of the phrase 'on a beat to windward.'

A boat’s proper course at any moment depends on the existing conditions. Some of those conditions are the wind strength and direction, the pattern of gusts and lulls in the wind, the waves, the current, and the physical characteristics of the boat’s hull and equipment, including the sails she is using.

Discussion of the decisions that a protest committee must make if a boat breaks a rule of Part 2 by failing to keep clear, and the right-of way boat, or a third boat, requests redress under rule 62.1(b).

In finding facts, a protest committee will be governed by the weight of evidence. In general, a race committee member sighting the starting line is better placed than any competing boat to decide whether a boat was over the line at the starting signal and, if so, whether she returned and started correctly. 

 When deciding if a conflict of interest is significant, the protest committee should take into account the degree of conflict, the level of the event and the overall perception of fairness. 

 Generally, an action by a competitor that directly affects the fairness of the competition or failing to take an appropriate penalty when the competitor is aware of breaking a rule, should be considered under rule 2. Any action, including a serious breach of rule 2 or any other rule, that the committee considers may be an act of misconduct should be considered under rule 69. 

 Examples illustrating when it would be ‘appropriate’ under rule 69.2(j)(3) to report a rule 69 incident to a national authority or World Sailing. 

 How the rules apply when a boat is compelled to cross the starting line by another boat that was breaking a rule of Part 2.