A protest committee must exonerate boats when, as a result of another boat's breach of a rule, they are all compelled to break a rule.

Rule 16.1 does not restrict the course of a keep-clear boat. Manoeuvring to drive another boat away from the starting line does not necessarily break this rule.

A boat clear ahead need not take any action to keep clear before being overlapped to leeward from clear astern.

Interpretation of rule 20’s requirements for hails and signals and their timing.

Reasons for withdrawing Case 55: New rule 64.1(c), taken together with rule 63.1’s last sentence, required the protest committee to open a hearing of boat A’s protest. Also, the appeal by boat B should not have been heard by the national authority because it was not a valid appeal under rule 70.1(a). The case contains valuable material, but it needs to be extensively revised so that all of the interpretations of rules in the case are correct.

When a current, properly authenticated certificate has been presented in good faith by an owner who has complied with the requirements of rule 78.1, the final results of a race or series must stand, even though the certificate is later withdrawn.

When a boat comes abreast of a mark but is outside the zone, and when her change of course towards the mark results in a boat that is in the zone and that was previously clear astern becoming overlapped inside her, rule 18.2(a) requires her to give mark-room to that boat, whether or not her distance from the mark was caused by giving mark-room to other boats overlapped inside her.